While the economic effects of underemployment — as distinct from unemployment — have long been studied, far less attention has been paid to the psychological consequences. The research that does exist, however, is not encouraging. Psychologists have found that underemployment is associated with increased incidence of depression, less job satisfaction, lower self-esteem, and that it can also result in deep-seated, persistent feelings of shame. Nevertheless, no large-scale government effort to assess the psychological implications of mass underemployment has been undertaken, even though the number of underemployed workers exceeds 10 million. “Unemployment is an emergency,” said Carl Van Horn, professor of public policy at Rutgers University. “Underemployment is a crisis.”
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